Astronomy Picture of the Day

Video Credit: NASA, Gateway to Astronaut Photography Details: https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/BeyondThePhotography/CrewEarthObservationsVideos/ Details: https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap180312.html

In this video captured by NASA’s Perseverance rover, the agency's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter took the first powered, controlled flight on another planet on April 19, 2021. The rover was parked at “Van Zyl Overlook,” about 211 feet (64.3 meters) away in Mars' Jezero Crater and chronicled the flight operations with its cameras. These images from the rover’s Mastcam-Z cameras show the helicopter hovering above the Red Planet's surface. During this first flight, the helicopter climbed to an altitude of 10 feet (3 meters), hovered, and then touched back down on the surface of Mars. Ingenuity is a technology demonstration. The 4-pound (1.8-kilogram) rotorcraft will help determine whether future explorations on Mars could include an aerial perspective. Perseverance touched down at "Octavia E. Butler Landing" with Ingenuity attached to its belly on Feb. 18, 2021. The helicopter was deployed to the surface on April 3. For more information on Ingenuity, visit : https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/. For more information on Perseverance, visit: https://mars.nasa.gov/perseverance. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS

A pair of orbiting black holes millions of times the Sun’s mass perform a hypnotic dance in this NASA visualization. The movie traces how the black holes distort and redirect light emanating from the maelstrom of hot gas – called an accretion disk – that surrounds each one. Read more: http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/new-nasa-visualization-probes-the-light-bending-dance-of-binary-black-holes Viewed from near the orbital plane, each accretion disk takes on a characteristic warped look. But as one passes in front of the other, the gravity of the foreground black hole transforms its partner into a rapidly changing sequence of arcs. These distortions play out as light from the accretion disks navigates the tangled fabric of space and time near the black holes. The simulated binary contains two supermassive black holes, a larger one with 200 million solar masses and a smaller companion weighing half as much. Astronomers think this kind of black hole system is one in which both members could maintain a long-lived accretion disk. The disks have different colors, red and blue, to make it easier to track the light sources, but the choice also reflects reality. Gas orbiting lower-mass black holes experiences stronger effects that produce higher temperatures. For these masses, both accretion disks would actually emit most of their light in the UV, with the blue disk reaching a slightly higher temperature. Visualizations like this help scientists picture the fascinating consequences of extreme gravity’s funhouse mirror. Seen nearly edgewise, the accretion disks look noticeably brighter on one side. Gravitational distortion alters the paths of light coming from different parts of the disks, producing the warped image. The rapid motion of gas near the black hole modifies the disk’s luminosity through a phenomenon called Doppler boosting an effect of Einstein’s relativity theory that brightens the side rotating toward the viewer and dims the side spinning away. The movie also shows a more subtle phenomenon called relativistic aberration. The black holes appear smaller as they approach the viewer and larger when moving away. These effects disappear when viewing the system from above, but new features emerge. Both black holes produce small images of their partners that circle around them each orbit. Looking closely, it’s clear that these images are actually edge-on views. To produce them, light from the black holes must be redirected by 90 degrees, which means we’re observing the black holes from two different perspectives – face on and edge on – at the same time. Zooming into each black hole reveals multiple, increasingly distorted images of its partner. The visualization, created by Goddard astrophysicist Jeremy Schnittman, involved computing the path taken by light rays from the accretion disks as they made their way through the warped space-time around the black holes. On a modern desktop computer, the calculations needed to make the movie frames would have taken about a decade. So Schnittman teamed up with Goddard data scientist Brian P. Powell to use the Discover supercomputer at the NASA Center for Climate Simulation. Using just 2% of Discover’s 129,000 processors, these computations took about a day. Astronomers expect that, one day, they’ll be able to detect gravitational waves – ripples in space-time – produced when two supermassive black holes in a system much like the one Schnittman depicted spiral together and merge. Music credit: "Gravitational Field" from Orbit. Written and produced by Lars Leonhard. Used with permission. Video credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Jeremy Schnittman and Brian P. Powell Scott Wiessinger (USRA): Producer Jeremy Schnittman (NASA/GSFC): Lead Visualizer Brian Powell (NASA/GSFC): Visualizer Francis Reddy (University of Maryland College Park): Science Writer This video can be freely shared and downloaded at https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13831 . While the video in its entire...

*Watching this in 720p HD is highly recommended!* This is a physically accurate gravitational lensing visualization of the last few orbits of a binary black hole merger. The camera is above the orbital plane of the merger, looking down. The mass ratio is 3 to 1. The large black hole has a dimensionless spin of 0.7, whereas the small hole's dimensionless spin is 0.3, with both spins in arbitrary directions. This is case 4 of Phys. Rev. D, 88:124010, Dec 2013, 1309.3605. Another view of this merger can be seen here: http://youtu.be/ENd8Sz0AFOk A video of the apparent horizons of this binary can be found here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9s1VoTy_U3s More information about this system and lensing of the system can be found in "What would a binary black hole merger look like?" http://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.7775v1.pdf. This movie was created by SXS Lensing, http://www.black-holes.org/lensing, of the Simulating eXtreme Spacetimes (SXS) collaboration, http://www.black-holes.org/. Data from the 2MASS catalog was used in the generation of this movie.

Credit: NASA, ISS, Riccardo Rossi (ISAA) Music: Inspiring Adventure Cinematic Background by Maryna Details: https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap181126.html Comments: http://asterisk.apod.com/discuss_apod.php?date=181126 Attribution: NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License